Surya – The Sun – Indian Mythology

Surya, the sun god, is both a Deva and a Navagraha. He is also referred to as Vivasvant – The Sun God and Martanda. According to the Purusha Suktam (Rig Veda 10.90), Surya was formed from the eyes of Purusha, the primeval man. Surya’s two wives are Sangya (daughter of Vishwakarma – The Architect of the Devas) and Chhaya Devi, and his children include Shani (Saturn) and Yama (god of death). He is extolled in the Aditya Hridayam, a hymn in which he is identified with Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and other key cosmic entities.

Connections to Other Figures:

• Shani and Yama: Surya’s children, Shani is the god of Saturn and karma, while Yama is the lord of death and ruler of the underworld.
• Sangya and Chhaya Devi: His two wives, with Chhaya often being a shadow form of Sangya. Their stories involve themes of separation and reunion, with Sangya famously fleeing due to Surya’s unbearable heat.

Mythological Episodes:

• Churning of the Ocean (Samudra Manthan): Surya’s enemies, Rahu and Ketu, were born from the deception that occurred during the churning of the ocean, where they tried to steal amrita (nectar of immortality) and were punished by Vishnu, resulting in their enmity toward Surya.

Surya is also the father of Aruna, the charioteer of his divine sun chariot, who precedes his blazing form to soften its intensity.

Hymn of Aditya Hridayam:

This hymn is a powerful praise of Surya, in which he is described as the lord of the universe, embodying the power of all major deities. It highlights his importance in sustaining life, controlling time, seasons, and being a source of light and energy.

Themes:

1. Cosmic Balance: Surya’s role as both a Deva and Navagraha emphasizes his dual role in maintaining cosmic order and affecting individual destinies.
2. Light and Life: As the source of light, Surya is integral to the sustenance of life and the progression of time. His connection to seasons and agriculture further cements his vital role in the material and spiritual worlds.

Surya’s presence in the Rig Veda’s Purusha Suktam and the Aditya Hridayam underscores his universal importance across Vedic literature, mythology, and worship. His vast connections to other deities and cosmic events reflect his significance in maintaining dharma and cosmic order.