The Purusha Sukta (पुरुष सूक्त), found in Rigveda (R.V. 10.90), is a hymn that describes the cosmic creation through the sacrifice of the Purusha, the primordial man. It narrates how from this divine being, the cosmos, the varnas (social classes), and all creatures came into existence. The Purusha is presented as both the sacrificial offering and the universe itself, embodying the eternal connection between the divine and the material worlds.
Key Concepts:
- Cosmic Creation: The hymn speaks of how the Purusha’s body was divided, leading to the creation of everything in the universe—animals, celestial objects, and mankind. The Brahmins came from his mouth, Kshatriyas from his arms, Vaishyas from his thighs, and Shudras from his feet, which is regarded as the first reference to the Varna (Caste) System.
- Union of Man with God: While the literal interpretation details the physical aspects of creation, many commentators have provided a deeper, symbolic meaning, where the hymn reflects the union between the individual soul and the divine.
Key Verses:
- “This Purusha is all that was and all that will be” speaks to the omnipresence of the divine being.
- “The Brahmana was his mouth, the Kshatriya his arms, the Vaishya his thighs, and the Shudra his feet” introduces the Varnas, showing how society is derived from the cosmic man.
Symbolic Interpretation:
Commentators suggest that the Purusha Sukta symbolizes the integral unity of the universe with the divine. The hymn reflects how everything in the cosmos, both tangible and intangible, is interconnected through the divine sacrifice.
Related Stories in Hindu Mythology:
- Vishnu’s Vamana Avatar: The line referencing the Purusha striding over the earth can be linked to Vishnu’s Vamana Avatar, where Vishnu, in the form of a dwarf, took three giant strides to claim the universe from King Bali.
- Cosmic Sacrifice: The concept of the universe being born through a sacrifice is echoed in various Hindu creation stories. The sacrifice of Prajapati is one such parallel, where Prajapati, the creator god, sacrifices himself for the creation of the world.
Creation and the Cosmic Order:
The hymn also connects with the Yajna (sacrifice) tradition in Hinduism, where creation itself is seen as a divine offering. The Purusha’s dismemberment is a metaphor for how order (rta) is established through the ritual act, with various elements of creation—earth, sky, animals, humans—arising from the different parts of his body.
| Verse | Cosmic Element Created |
|---|---|
| Mouth | Brahmins (Priests) |
| Arms | Kshatriyas (Warriors) |
| Thighs | Vaishyas (Merchants) |
| Feet | Shudras (Servants) |
| Mind | Moon |
| Eyes | Sun |
| Breath | Wind (Vayu) |
| Navel | Space between earth and sky |
In conclusion, the Purusha Sukta is not only a hymn of cosmic creation but also lays out the foundation for social structure, the interconnectedness of the cosmos, and the role of sacrifice in sustaining the universe in Hindu cosmology.