विष्णु
Vishnu is the protective aspect of the supreme trinity (Trimurti) in Hindu mythology, where he represents the role of preservation and sustenance. The other two aspects of the trinity are Brahma (the creator) and Shiva (the destroyer). Among the three, Vishnu is the entity most often involved in mortal affairs, particularly in times of great distress or calamity, which is why he is frequently invoked by both humans and gods. There are varying beliefs regarding his origin; some traditions state that Vishnu was created by Shiva, while others describe him as arising from the cosmic void (Shunyata) during the beginning of time.
Vishnu’s Abode and Iconography
Vishnu’s divine consort is Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, fortune, and prosperity. Together, they reside in Vaikunta, a celestial abode that is considered one of the highest realms in Hindu cosmology. Vaikunta is depicted as a serene paradise, where Vishnu rests on the coils of the serpent Adisesha (also known as Shesha or Ananta), a thousand-headed Naga that floats on the cosmic Ksheer Sagar, or the ocean of milk. This ocean is symbolic of the boundless cosmic potential from which all creation emerges.
Vishnu is typically depicted as a dark-complexioned deity, symbolizing his mega-varnam (cloud-hued) appearance. He is usually shown with four arms, holding his four key attributes:
- The Sudharshana Chakra (discus) represents the mind and symbolizes the power of thought and the destruction of evil.
- The Shankha (conch) symbolizes the primordial sound of creation (Om).
- The Padma (lotus) represents purity and truth.
- The Gada (mace) represents strength and power.
Incarnations of Vishnu
One of Vishnu’s most prominent roles in Hindu mythology is his periodic descent to Earth in the form of avatars (incarnations), which he undertakes to restore balance when the world is threatened by evil forces. These avatars are sent to avert specific calamities affecting either humanity or the Devas (celestial gods). Though more than ten avatars are ascribed to Vishnu, only ten major incarnations, known as the Dashavatara, are universally recognized. The list of these ten avatars may vary slightly across different texts, but the commonly accepted Dashavatara are:
Avatar | Purpose |
---|---|
Matsya | The fish incarnation, which saved the sacred Vedas from a great flood. |
Kurma | The tortoise incarnation, who supported Mount Mandara during the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan). |
Varaha | The boar incarnation, who rescued Bhudevi (Mother Earth) from the depths of the cosmic ocean. |
Narasimha | The half-man, half-lion incarnation, who destroyed the demon king Hiranyakashipu to protect his devotee Prahlada. |
Vamana | The dwarf incarnation, who humbled the demon king Bali and restored the authority of the Devas. |
Parashurama | The warrior with an axe, who rid the world of corrupt and oppressive Kshatriya rulers. |
Rama | The prince of Ayodhya, who destroyed the demon king Ravana and established the ideal of righteous kingship. |
Krishna | The divine statesman and charioteer of the Mahabharata, who delivered the Bhagavad Gita. |
Buddha | The enlightened one, who taught compassion and non-violence (this incarnation is accepted in some traditions). |
Kalki | The future incarnation, who is yet to appear. He will arrive at the end of the current age (Kali Yuga) to destroy the forces of evil and restore cosmic order. |
Connection to the Devas and Asuras
Vishnu is often called the brother of Indra, the king of the Devas, due to his incarnation as Vamana, the dwarf Brahmin who was born as a son of Aditi, the mother of the Devas. In this avatar, Vishnu played a pivotal role in restoring the power of the Devas by subduing Mahabali, a mighty king of the Asuras (demons), through his clever and humble request for three paces of land, which he then measured out by expanding to cover the entire cosmos.
Vishnu is described as being ever desirous of helping the Devas, and his enmity with the Asuras is a recurring theme in Hindu mythology. His numerous interventions, whether through his avatars or divine acts, often involve aiding the Devas in their ongoing battles against their half-brothers, the Asuras, who represent the forces of chaos and ignorance.
The Churning of the Ocean (Samudra Manthan)
One of the most famous episodes in which Vishnu played a central role is the Samudra Manthan, or the churning of the ocean. In this story, both the Devas and the Asuras sought the Amrit (nectar of immortality) hidden within the depths of the ocean of milk. They used Mount Mandara as the churning rod and Vasuki, the king of serpents, as the churning rope. Vishnu, in his Kurma (tortoise) avatar, supported the mountain on his back to prevent it from sinking into the ocean. During the churning, various treasures and beings emerged, including Lakshmi, Vishnu’s consort, who was reunited with him. This story also highlights Vishnu’s role as the protector of cosmic order, balancing the forces of good and evil.
Entity | Role/Connection to Vishnu |
---|---|
Lakshmi | Vishnu’s divine consort, goddess of wealth and prosperity; arose from the ocean during the Samudra Manthan. |
Indra | King of the Devas and brother of Vishnu through Vishnu’s Vamana avatar. |
Aditi | Mother of the Devas and Vishnu’s mother in his Vamana incarnation. |
Asuras | The half-brothers and adversaries of the Devas, constantly at odds with Vishnu’s protective actions. |
Adisesha | The thousand-headed serpent on whom Vishnu rests in Vaikunta, symbolizing eternity and cosmic order. |
Mount Mandara | The mountain used during the churning of the ocean, supported by Vishnu in his Kurma avatar. |
Vasuki | The serpent who served as the churning rope during the Samudra Manthan. |
Amrit | The nectar of immortality, sought by both the Devas and Asuras, churned from the ocean with Vishnu’s guidance. |
Vishnu’s Followers and Influence
Vishnu’s followers are known as Vaishnavas, and they revere him as the supreme deity. Many Vaishnavas wear the Namam (a vertical mark on the forehead) as a symbol of their devotion to Vishnu. Temples dedicated to Vishnu and his avatars, particularly Sri Rama and Krishna, are widespread throughout India, with significant cultural and religious influence.
Vishnu’s influence extends beyond religious devotion to shape ethical and philosophical thought. Through texts like the Bhagavad Gita, where Vishnu in his Krishna avatar counsels the warrior Arjuna on the nature of duty and righteousness, Vishnu emphasizes the principles of Dharma (righteous living) and Bhakti (devotion). His actions consistently reflect his role as the upholder of cosmic law and protector of humanity.
Conclusion
Vishnu’s role as the protector and sustainer of the universe underscores his centrality in Hindu cosmology. Through his avatars and direct interventions, he ensures the balance of the cosmos, maintaining harmony between the Devas and Asuras, protecting the righteous, and guiding mortals towards the path of Dharma. His association with Lakshmi, the churning of the ocean, and his ten avatars reflect his complex and multifaceted presence in Hindu mythology, where he acts as both the benevolent protector and the cosmic enforcer of justice.